Introduction: Why a Floor Can Matter More Than It Seems
A floor is easy to overlook. It sits beneath the daily life of a building, carrying footsteps, furniture, dust, work, ceremony, and time. Yet in sustainable architecture, the floor is not a passive surface. It is a material decision with consequences: where timber comes from, what happens to demolished buildings, how much carbon is embodied in interiors, whether products can be repaired, and whether construction continues to follow the old linear path of extraction, use, and disposal. The No-Waste® Floor by HERSO is significant because it turns this ordinary building element into a working demonstration of circular design.
HERSO, a Dutch circular wood-processing company based in Loosbroek, developed the No-Waste® Floor as a flooring product made from waste wood and previously used timber. The uploaded product analysis identifies the floor as a circular product made from 100% post-consumer wood, originally developed for ABN AMRO’s Circl pavilion in Amsterdam, and associated with FSC Recycled certification, formaldehyde-free adhesives, low-impact finishes, and a take-back logic intended to keep wood in use rather than letting it become waste. HERSO’s own product page similarly states that the No-Waste floor is made entirely from waste wood and previously used wood, that the Circl floor used timber from sources such as a football canteen, a private worktable, and demolition works, and that the company holds an FSC Recycled label for its waste wood.
The purpose of this article is to examine the No-Waste® Floor not simply as a niche interior product, but as a case study in the broader transition from linear construction to circular construction. That transition is no longer a design preference alone. It is becoming a climate, resource-security, regulatory, and business imperative. The buildings and construction sector remains one of the world’s most material-intensive systems. The UNEP/GlobalABC Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025 states that buildings consume 32% of global energy and contribute 34% of global CO₂ emissions, while materials such as cement and steel drive a major share of building-related emissions. In Europe, buildings account for more than 30% of the EU’s environmental footprint, about one third of material consumption, 42% of energy consumption, and 35% of greenhouse gas emissions.
Against that backdrop, HERSO’s floor is more than an attractive reclaimed-wood surface. It is a practical answer to a difficult question: can building materials be designed so that yesterday’s waste becomes tomorrow’s asset? The answer is cautiously optimistic. The No-Waste® Floor demonstrates that circularity can be tactile, beautiful, certifiable, technically usable, and commercially relevant. At the same time, it exposes the hard work behind circular construction: careful sourcing, manual sorting, design for reuse, trust-building certification, logistics, skilled labour, and new business models that keep materials in circulation.
Historical Context: From Salvage Practice to Circular Product Design
Reuse Before “Circularity” Had a Name
The reuse of timber is not new. Long before circular-economy language entered policy documents and corporate sustainability strategies, builders salvaged beams, doors, planks, window frames, and furniture because wood was valuable. In pre-industrial and early industrial building cultures, reuse was often a matter of economy rather than ideology. Materials were hard to obtain, labour was local, and demolition was slower and more selective. A beam from one structure could become a beam in another. A door could move house. Flooring could be lifted, repaired, resized, and relaid.
The 20th century changed that relationship. Industrialized construction made new materials cheap, standardized, and fast to install. Global supply chains separated buildings from their local material histories. Demolition became more mechanized. Interior products became more composite, glued, laminated, and difficult to disassemble. Waste became easier to externalize. The rise of virgin timber flooring, laminate, engineered products, plastics, mineral-based finishes, and fast refurbishment cycles improved affordability and design choice, but also reinforced the “take-make-dispose” model that circular economy thinkers now seek to replace.
The historical value of HERSO’s No-Waste® Floor lies in how it modernizes older salvage logic. It does not romanticize reuse as a purely artisanal or nostalgic practice. Instead, it translates reclaimed wood into a product with specifications, certification, repeatable manufacturing, compatibility with modern heating systems, and application in high-profile commercial architecture. The uploaded analysis describes the floor as using reclaimed sources such as old floors, window frames, doors, demolition timber, furniture, carpenters’ offcuts, municipal recycling streams, and even urban wood. That breadth of feedstock is historically important because it reframes “waste” as a distributed urban forest: material already harvested, already seasoned, already embedded in buildings and objects, waiting to be recovered.
The Rise of the Circular Economy in Construction
The circular economy emerged as a response to the ecological limits of linear production. In a circular model, products and materials are kept in circulation for as long as possible, and waste and resource use are minimized. The European Commission describes circularity as a shift away from “take, make, use, dispose” and toward keeping products and materials in use, reducing pressure on natural resources, supporting climate neutrality, and improving resilience.
Construction became a central arena for circular thinking because buildings are vast material banks. They hold timber, steel, concrete, bricks, glass, plastics, insulation, fixtures, furniture, and infrastructure components for decades. Yet when buildings are renovated or demolished, those materials often become mixed waste. The European Commission notes that construction and demolition waste accounts for more than a third of all waste generated in the EU, and that it includes concrete, bricks, wood, glass, metals, and plastics. It also warns that recycling and material recovery vary widely across EU countries and may range from less than 10% to over 90%, depending on definitions and systems.
This is the context in which a product like the No-Waste® Floor becomes historically meaningful. It sits at the intersection of three developments: the revival of material reuse, the professionalization of circular supply chains, and the demand for verifiable sustainability claims. Where traditional salvage might have relied on local knowledge and informal reuse, contemporary circular construction requires documentation, health standards, performance data, and credible certification.
HERSO’s Evolution and the Circl Milestone
HERSO’s identity is rooted in circular wood processing. The uploaded analysis describes the company as one of the older circular wood-processing companies in the Netherlands, operating since 1970, and dedicated to reusing wood from demolition sites and recycling centers in new products such as floors, walls, and furniture. That timeline matters. It means the No-Waste® Floor did not emerge overnight from a marketing trend; it developed from decades of practical experience in handling reclaimed timber.
The pivotal milestone was ABN AMRO’s Circl pavilion in Amsterdam. ABN AMRO announced the pavilion under the name Circl in 2017, explicitly linking the name to the circular economy and the idea that production chains should no longer be open-ended, but closed so that waste is recycled. When Circl officially opened in September 2017, ABN AMRO described it as a circular building in Amsterdam’s Zuidas district and stated that almost all materials used in the building were second-hand, easily disassembled, and reusable; examples included insulation made from 16,000 pairs of old jeans, reused window frames, restored furniture, 500 solar panels, and direct-current energy systems.
Circl provided an unusually visible testing ground for circular construction. MaterialDistrict described the pavilion as mainly made from recycled materials and noted that its wooden floor was made from waste wood, including wood from bar stools and a monastery floor. De Architekten Cie, the architecture office behind the project, identifies Circl as a practical circular design example and notes that rejected wooden window frames were cut into wooden floors, while all materials, components, and parts were recorded in a digital twin or building passport.
For HERSO, Circl demonstrated that reclaimed timber could move from small-scale reuse into a flagship public building. The uploaded analysis notes that the No-Waste® Floor originated as a bespoke solution for Circl and that the project involved a floor the size of a football field made from diverse waste wood sources. Whether viewed as architecture, material innovation, or narrative design, Circl helped turn circularity from a principle into an experience: visitors could stand on reused wood and see that circular materials did not have to look compromised.
Certification as a Historical Turning Point
Another important milestone is certification. Sustainability claims can easily become vague. “Recycled,” “eco,” “green,” and “natural” are not always enough for professional procurement. The No-Waste® Floor’s significance is strengthened by its association with FSC Recycled certification. HERSO states that it has the FSC Recycled label for its waste wood and lists its FSC certificate and licence details on the No Waste Vloer page. The FSC explains that the FSC Recycled label means a product is made from 100% recycled materials, and that using recycled material reduces pressure to harvest more trees.
The distinction is important. Certification does not make a product perfect, but it gives specifiers a way to verify claims. In professional construction, where architects, clients, insurers, contractors, and sustainability assessors must justify material choices, third-party labels can help circular products compete with conventional ones. They also discipline circular storytelling. A reclaimed-wood floor can be beautiful, but a certified reclaimed-wood floor can enter procurement systems that require evidence.
Current Relevance: Why the No-Waste® Floor Matters Now
Buildings Are a Climate and Materials Problem
The relevance of HERSO’s floor is inseparable from the environmental footprint of construction. The global buildings sector continues to consume enormous energy and emit large quantities of carbon dioxide. UNEP and GlobalABC’s 2024/2025 report states that the sector consumed 32% of global energy and contributed 34% of global CO₂ emissions, while building materials such as cement and steel remain major drivers of emissions. The report’s key messages also emphasize that materials such as cement and steel drive 18% of building CO₂ emissions, and that progress remains insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals.
Flooring is not the largest emissions category in construction, but interiors matter because they are replaced more often than structural systems. Offices, retail spaces, hospitality interiors, and public buildings are regularly refurbished. A building may stand for 50 to 100 years, while interior finishes can be changed many times within that lifespan. This means interior products create repeated cycles of extraction, manufacturing, installation, removal, and disposal. Circular flooring addresses that churn by asking whether the material can be reclaimed, remanufactured, repaired, and returned.
In Europe, the material case is especially strong. The European Environment Agency reported in 2024 that construction, use, and demolition of buildings create major environmental and climate pressures; more than 30% of the EU’s environmental footprint comes from buildings, about one third of material consumption goes to construction, and decommissioning buildings creates the largest waste stream in the EU by weight. The same EEA release notes that although demolition-waste recycling rates can be high, they mainly lead to low-value downcycling. This is exactly the problem HERSO’s model challenges: rather than grinding valuable wood into lower-grade outputs or burning it for energy, the No-Waste® Floor keeps wood visible, functional, and valuable.
The Circularity Gap Is Still Wide
Despite growing interest in circular economy, the global system remains overwhelmingly linear. Circle Economy’s Circularity Gap Report 2024, summarized by the European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform, found that the global circularity rate decreased from 9.1% in 2018 to 7.2% in 2023, even as discussion of circular economy nearly tripled over five years. That figure gives products like the No-Waste® Floor both relevance and humility. Reclaimed flooring will not close the global circularity gap by itself. But it represents the kind of higher-value material loop that circularity needs.
The distinction between recycling and value retention matters. Many waste systems measure tonnage, not retained utility. Crushing concrete for aggregate may count as recovery, but it often preserves less value than reusing a component in a similar or higher-grade application. Reclaimed wood flooring is closer to value retention than mere waste processing: timber that might have been discarded becomes a finished architectural product with aesthetic, carbon, and narrative value.
The EEA’s 2026 circular economy assessments reinforce this point. The agency states that 17 circular economy actions could reduce the EU’s climate-change impact by 22%, or almost one billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent, while also reducing biodiversity-loss impact and fine-particulate air pollution. It also notes that the largest investment gaps are in sectors including construction, textiles, batteries, and vehicles. These findings place circular building materials in a strategic category rather than a decorative one.
Regulation Is Moving Toward Transparency and Circular Design
The policy environment is also changing. In 2024, the EU adopted the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, expanding ecodesign beyond energy-related products and introducing requirements related to durability, reusability, reparability, recycled content, remanufacturing, recycling, environmental footprint, and information requirements including a Digital Product Passport. The Council of the EU also adopted an updated Construction Products Regulation in November 2024, intended to harmonize construction-product rules, reduce administrative burdens, support the circular economy, provide better information to consumers through product digital passports, and create a digital passport system for construction goods.
This is directly relevant to HERSO’s No-Waste® Floor because circular products depend on information. Specifiers need to know what a product contains, where materials came from, how it performs, how it can be maintained, and how it can be recovered. Future circular procurement will likely reward products that can document recycled content, chemical safety, carbon performance, and end-of-life pathways. Circl’s use of a digital twin/building passport foreshadowed this direction by recording materials and components for future reuse.
Current Challenges: Scale, Supply, Labour, and Trust
The No-Waste® Floor also illustrates the practical barriers facing circular construction. First is supply variability. Reclaimed wood does not arrive in uniform batches like virgin industrial timber. It comes with different species, colours, histories, dimensions, moisture levels, coatings, holes, cracks, and contaminants. That variability gives each floor character, but it also complicates production planning.
Second is labour. The uploaded analysis describes the No-Waste® Floor as relying on manual, artisanal processing, including inspection, defect remediation, and filling cracks or holes with residual wood and resin. This craft-based process is part of the product’s quality, but it can make scaling harder. Circular construction often requires more intelligence per material unit: more sorting, more documentation, more judgment, and more coordination.
Third is procurement trust. Conventional products are easier to specify because their supply chains, warranties, costs, and performance data are standardized. Circular products must prove that they are not only sustainable, but also reliable. This is why HERSO’s use of FSC Recycled certification, formaldehyde-free adhesive, low-VOC finishes, and technical specifications is crucial. The uploaded analysis notes that the floor uses a 4.5 mm reclaimed-wood top layer, an FSC-certified backing board, formaldehyde-free adhesive, and finishes selected for healthier indoor air.
Fourth is market structure. The EEA warned in 2026 that circular businesses in Europe face obstacles when attempting to scale and that circular models often remain concentrated in waste management and end-of-life handling rather than wider models such as longer product lifetimes, renting, leasing, and sharing. HERSO’s “wood-as-a-service” and take-back logic is therefore especially relevant: it points beyond recycled content toward business models that keep ownership, responsibility, and material value connected over time.
Practical Applications: Case Studies and Real-World Uses
Case Study 1: Circl as a Living Laboratory for Circular Construction
The most important application of the No-Waste® Floor is ABN AMRO’s Circl pavilion. Circl was not merely a building with recycled features. It was conceived as a circular experiment in which materials were reused, designed for disassembly, and documented for future recovery. ABN AMRO described the building as using almost all second-hand, easily disassembled, and reusable materials, including old jeans for ceiling insulation, reused window frames, restored furniture, solar panels, and direct-current infrastructure.
Within this system, the wooden floor became a visible symbol. Floors are among the few building materials that nearly every user physically touches. A reclaimed structural beam may be admired from a distance, but a floor is encountered by the body. It becomes proof that reused material can meet the expectations of a public interior. MaterialDistrict reported that Circl’s wooden floor was made from waste wood, including bar stools and a monastery floor, while the architecture office noted that rejected wooden window frames were cut into wooden floors.
The practical implication is powerful: circular construction works best when materials are not hidden as compromises but presented as assets. The No-Waste® Floor makes variation part of the design language. Differences in colour, grain, patching, former holes, and repaired surfaces become a record of past use. This aesthetic counters the industrial assumption that quality requires uniformity. In circular interiors, uniqueness can become evidence of authenticity.
Case Study 2: Turning Client Waste into Client Value
HERSO’s product model also allows clients to incorporate their own waste wood into a new floor. HERSO’s product page states that a customer’s own waste wood can be processed into a new floor. The uploaded analysis identifies this as “client-integrated sourcing,” in which suitable waste streams from a client can be processed into a new flooring product.
This application is especially compelling for organizations with real estate portfolios. A university renovating older buildings, a municipality replacing public interiors, a bank refurbishing branches, or a cultural institution deconstructing an old fit-out could transform its own waste into a visible material story. Instead of paying for disposal and buying new finishes, the organization can preserve the memory and value of existing timber.
The value here is not only environmental. It is also communicative. A floor made from a company’s former doors, counters, shelves, or meeting tables turns circularity into a place-based narrative. Employees and visitors can understand the material loop without reading a sustainability report. For public-sector projects, this can strengthen accountability: citizens can see that public materials were not simply discarded. For brands, it can create a more credible sustainability story because the material evidence is underfoot.
Case Study 3: Circular Interiors for BREEAM and Green Building Projects
HERSO states that the No-Waste floor can be used as a striking feature in BREEAM projects. This matters because green building schemes have helped move sustainability from aspiration into procurement. Certification systems encourage clients and design teams to document material choices, indoor air quality, resource efficiency, and lifecycle impacts.
The No-Waste® Floor fits this environment because it combines recycled content with design quality. The uploaded analysis notes that the product is compatible with BREEAM-type sustainability goals and that its use of formaldehyde-free adhesives and low-VOC finishes supports healthier interiors. In practice, that makes it relevant for offices, schools, hospitality spaces, cultural venues, retail interiors, and public buildings where clients want both environmental credibility and a strong visual identity.
The flooring also appears technically suited to modern building systems. The uploaded analysis states that the product has a 4.5 mm reclaimed-wood top layer, total board thickness around 13.0–13.5 mm, compatibility with underfloor heating, and thermal resistance in the range of 0.080–0.095 W/m²K, while installation may be floating or glued depending on conditions. These details are not glamorous, but they are decisive. Circular products must meet the practical constraints of buildings: moisture control, heating systems, adhesives, transport, lead times, and maintenance.
Case Study 4: Design for Disassembly and Material Passports
The Circl pavilion shows how circular products gain value when linked to material documentation. De Architekten Cie notes that Circl recorded materials, components, and parts in a digital twin or building passport called LLMNT. This approach is important because future reuse depends on future knowledge. A product that is technically reusable may still become waste if no one knows what it is, how it was installed, what chemicals it contains, who owns it, or how it can be removed.
For flooring, a material passport could document wood sources, certification, adhesive type, finish type, installation method, maintenance history, and take-back conditions. That information helps future contractors decide whether the boards can be lifted and reused, sanded and refinished, remanufactured into new panels, or returned to the manufacturer. In this sense, the No-Waste® Floor’s practical application extends beyond its first installation. Its highest value appears when it is treated as a temporary configuration of long-lived material rather than a disposable product.
Case Study 5: Wood-as-a-Service and Deposit-Based Return
The uploaded analysis states that HERSO has used circular business models such as deposit-based return systems and “wood-as-a-service,” where the company retains ownership so that materials return for reuse at the end of life. This model is a major practical innovation. Traditional product sales transfer ownership and responsibility to the buyer. Once the floor is installed, the manufacturer may have little control over maintenance, removal, or disposal. Product-as-a-service models change that by keeping the producer connected to the material.
For clients, this can reduce uncertainty around end-of-life handling. For manufacturers, it preserves access to future feedstock. For the circular economy, it aligns incentives: the producer benefits from making durable, recoverable, repairable products because the material remains an asset. The model also supports better data collection. If HERSO knows where its wood is installed, when it may be removed, and what condition it is in, it can plan future production around returning material flows.
The challenge is contractual and cultural. Many clients are accustomed to owning products outright. Leasing floors or retaining producer ownership may raise questions about accounting, liability, insurance, maintenance responsibility, and residual value. However, as EU policy moves toward product passports and circular procurement, such models may become easier to justify.
Future Implications: Where Circular Flooring and Reclaimed Wood May Go Next
Digital Product Passports Will Make Material Memory More Valuable
The future of circular flooring will be shaped by information infrastructure. The EU’s Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation introduces Digital Product Passports as part of a broader framework for sustainability requirements, including durability, reparability, recycled content, remanufacturing, recycling, carbon footprint, and environmental footprint. The updated Construction Products Regulation also supports digital passports for construction goods and better information for consumers.
For products like the No-Waste® Floor, this could be an advantage. Reclaimed materials already need documentation to prove their origin, safety, and performance. A digital passport could turn that documentation into a market asset. A future flooring board might carry data about former use, FSC status, adhesive chemistry, finish type, maintenance recommendations, repair instructions, and return pathways. That would make reclaimed wood easier to insure, resell, certify, and reuse.
Research is also moving toward more interoperable data systems for circular economy. A 2026 paper on the Circular Economy Ontology Network argues that circularity requires information sharing across product lifecycles and industry sectors, and that semantic interoperability is key for reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and recycling. In plain terms, circular materials need a shared language. A floorboard’s data should be understandable not only by its manufacturer, but by architects, contractors, building owners, demolition auditors, marketplaces, and regulators.
Selective Demolition and Urban Mining Will Become More Important
Future circular flooring depends on better demolition practices. If buildings are demolished destructively, timber becomes damaged, mixed, contaminated, or uneconomic to recover. If they are deconstructed selectively, wood can be sorted, graded, and redirected into higher-value uses. The European Commission notes that the EU Waste Framework Directive treats construction and demolition waste as a priority stream and promotes selective demolition, safe handling of hazardous substances, and sorting systems to facilitate reuse and high-quality recycling.
This creates a direct future opportunity for HERSO-style products. As demolition audits, material passports, and selective deconstruction become more common, the supply of recoverable timber may improve. Urban buildings will increasingly be seen as material banks. The question will shift from “Where do we buy new wood?” to “Which existing buildings contain reusable wood, and how do we recover it without destroying value?”
Automation May Help, But Craft Will Still Matter
One future trend is technological support for reclaimed-material processing. Artificial intelligence, machine vision, robotics, scanning, and digital inventory tools could help identify wood species, detect nails or contaminants, sort pieces by dimension and condition, and match available stock to design requirements. These tools could reduce labour bottlenecks and make circular production more scalable.
However, craft will remain essential. Reclaimed wood is irregular, and its beauty often comes from decisions that are difficult to automate: where to cut, which scars to preserve, how to compose boards, how to repair cracks, and how to balance structural integrity with visual expression. The uploaded analysis emphasizes that HERSO’s process is manual and artisanal, with defects filled using residual wood and resin to create distinctive patterns. The future is therefore unlikely to be fully automated circular flooring. More plausibly, it will be digitally assisted craft: better sorting and data, combined with human judgment.
Circular Business Models Must Become Easier to Finance
The EEA’s 2026 circular economy assessments point to a major investment challenge. The agency reports an investment gap of around EUR 82 billion per year up to 2040 to meet already adopted circular economy policy objectives, with the greatest sectoral gaps in construction, textiles, batteries, and vehicles. This matters because circular products often carry higher upfront costs. They may require more labour, more logistics, more testing, and more documentation than conventional products.
To scale, circular flooring will need supportive finance and procurement. Public clients can help by specifying reused and reclaimed content. Banks and insurers can help by recognizing residual material value. Building certification systems can help by rewarding value retention, not only recycled content. Manufacturers can help by offering take-back agreements and service models. Policymakers can help by making secondary materials easier to trade across borders while maintaining safety and quality.
The Main Challenge: Avoiding Circularity as Aesthetic Only
The future of reclaimed wood flooring also faces a risk: circularity could become a style rather than a system. A patchwork floor may look sustainable, but if it lacks documentation, safe chemistry, repairability, take-back routes, or genuine reclaimed content, it may be little more than visual greenwashing. The No-Waste® Floor is most valuable not because it looks circular, but because it links material sourcing, certification, manufacturing, technical performance, and end-of-life thinking.
Future research should therefore evaluate circular flooring through full lifecycle assessment, indoor air quality, durability, maintenance cycles, user acceptance, repairability, and actual recovery rates after first use. It is not enough to ask whether a floor contains waste wood at installation. The deeper question is whether the wood remains in productive use over multiple lifecycles.
Conclusion: The Floor as a Model for Circular Construction
The No-Waste® Floor by HERSO shows how a modest building component can carry a large idea. It transforms discarded timber into a high-value surface, demonstrates the design potential of irregular material streams, and connects craft with certification, performance, and circular business models. Its origins in ABN AMRO’s Circl pavilion give it historical significance: Circl turned circular construction into a public, walkable experience, while the floor translated waste wood into architectural quality.
The product’s current relevance is clear. Buildings remain major contributors to global energy use, CO₂ emissions, material consumption, and waste. Construction and demolition waste is one of Europe’s largest waste streams, and high recycling rates often mask low-value downcycling. At the same time, global circularity remains low, and policy is moving toward stronger transparency, product passports, and circular design requirements. In this environment, reclaimed wood flooring is not a decorative side issue. It is one practical route toward value retention in the built environment.
The practical applications are equally important. HERSO’s model can support flagship circular buildings, client-specific waste reuse, green building certification, material passports, and product-as-a-service approaches. Its limitations are instructive too: circular products must manage variable supply, skilled labour needs, technical standards, procurement trust, and scaling barriers. These challenges do not weaken the case for circular flooring; they define the work required to make it mainstream.
Looking forward, the future of the No-Waste® Floor and similar products will depend on better material data, selective demolition, digital passports, circular procurement, investment, and hybrid systems that combine technology with craft. The most promising future is not one in which every product merely claims recycled content, but one in which materials are designed, documented, owned, recovered, and remade across multiple lifecycles.
A floor made of waste wood cannot solve the climate and materials crisis alone. But it can change what people expect from construction. It can show that old wood is not the end of a story, but the beginning of another. And in a sector that must urgently learn to build with what already exists, that shift in imagination is not small. It is foundational.
References
ABN AMRO. Circl pavilion announcements and opening materials.
Circle Economy Foundation. The Circularity Gap Report 2024, summarized by the European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform.
Council of the European Union. Ecodesign and Construction Products Regulation updates.
European Commission. Construction and demolition waste and circular economy policy pages.
European Environment Agency. Buildings, circular economy, investment, and just-transition assessments.
Forest Stewardship Council. FSC label explanations.
HERSO. No Waste Vloer product information.
UNEP and GlobalABC. Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2024/2025.